available domain names.

File Type: exe

Registering a Domain

Domains under .com, .org, and .net (and some of the new TLDs too) can be registered via a number of registrars. In 1999, the InterNIC site (which formerly brought you to the site of the monopoly registrar, Network Solutions) was redesigned to provide a list of current accredited sites where you can register a domain, so it's a good starting place. Check out the various registrars; they offer a wide variety of prices and plans. In some ways, domain registration is more confusing than in the days when Network Solutions had a monopoly, but on the other hand, in this competitive market, the registrars have been lowering their prices and making the process of registering and updating domains more convenient.

Be sure you go to a legitimate, accredited registrar. There have been some scams and ripoffs in domain registration. For a while there was a "fake InterNIC" at internic.com, which suckered lots of people into registering domains with them with a huge surcharge over the real InterNIC's $70 fee. Legitimate Internet providers may charge a small surcharge to cover their labor in getting the domain registered and set up on their server, but internic.com charged $250 per domain, much higher than most providers, and didn't even provide as much service as a normal provider (they don't host Web sites, for instance; customers must still find another provider for that), and, even worse, they always put themselves as Administrative Contact on all the domains registered through them. (See notes below about contacts to find out why this is a very bad idea.)

A list of registrars with consumer reviews can be found at www.findaregister.com.
What does it cost?

The cost of registering domains with InterNIC was originally $100 for the first two years and $50 a year afterward. (Well, actually, it was originally free, but once they started charging in 1995, those were their fees.) Later, when an "infrastructure fee" imposed by the U.S. government expired, it went down to $70 for the first two years and $35 a year afterward. Now, with competing registrars, it can be even cheaper, depending on which registrar you use and what special deals are in effect. The cheapest ones I've found so far have registration prices around $8.00/year, though tending to vary depending on what special offer is in effect at any given time, and on whether you're registering a new domain, renewing an existing registration, or transferring from a different registrar. Some of the most inexpensive registrars are Stargate, GoDaddy, CleverDot, and Cheap-DomainRegistration.

However, price is not the only criterion to use in choosing a registrar; they vary to some extent in how cooperative, friendly, and clueful their support staff is if you have a problem, how prone they are to technical screwups that might interfere with your use of your domain, and in their terms of service (all have the standard terms dictated by ICANN, but some add additional things which can get pretty obnoxious, like reserving the right to cancel your domain without warning if they decide you're using it for "immoral" purposes). I've received a very disturbing e-mail from a U.S. citizen living in the Philippines, who found that GoDaddy suddenly blocked access to their site from that country (and lied about it at first when asked), giving him no means of access to the domains he had already registered with them. This seems like a clear case of breach of contract on GoDaddy's part, but their registration agreement explicitly disclaims any liability beyond registration fee, if a disgruntled registrant were to sue them. So let the registrant beware. Later, I found some "dirt" on another of the cheap registrars I cited: Stargate's site is inexplicably blocked from access by anybody using computers running MacOS. They get shunted to a rude "Get a better operating system" page. This sort of thing is a sure sign of a site developed by ignoramuses who are incapable of following Internet standards well enough to produce browser- and platform-neutral sites, so they just use clueless "sniffing" to reject those whose browsers or computers aren't compatible with whatever pointless proprietary crap they used.

Figuring out which registrar is actually better is no trivial task; both cheap ones (like GoDaddy) and expensive ones (like Network Solutions) are the subject of such horror stories.
What's a "DNS Server"?

Before registering a domain, check with your hosting provider or ISP about what servers to enter in your registration. The "DNS Servers" are the servers which handle requests for the domain and tell the browser where to go to find your Web site (and also tell e-mail programs where to send mail to your address). Usually, your Web hosting provider handles this service, so their servers are what need to be placed in your domain registration record. You could just let the provider do the registration for you to make sure the technical stuff is done right; that's what I used to recommend (with a bit of self-interest there, since at the time I was working for an ISP and registering domains for clients was one of the things I did), but it's not really necessary; the process of registering a domain has been made simpler and less "techie-oriented" over the years. While most hosting providers offer domain registration services as well, it may be for a higher cost than you can get by going directly to a registrar yourself, and give you less control over the process. But be sure to find out what server hostnames and IP addresses to enter in your registration, and let your ISP know you're going to be registering a domain to be hosted there, as they might not like you registering a domain using their servers without their knowledge or permission. Their cooperation is needed to get the domain to work, since they must enable domain name service at their end. Also, if you mistype the name and IP address of your ISP's servers, your domain could fail to work. Many of the registrars will now let you register a domain using their own servers if you don't have another host, but this service generally does not include Web hosting or e-mail forwarding unless you pay an extra charge.
Get Those Contacts Right!

Be sure that you, or whoever registers a domain for you, puts your name as Administrative Contact; this indicates who is authorized to act on behalf of the actual owner, as opposed to the Technical Contact, which might be somebody at the ISP who's responsible for maintaining the name servers. There are quite a few providers that put their own people as Administrative Contact on the domains they register, and that is a bad idea from your standpoint: it means that only the ISP can approve or disapprove of changes to that domain (such as moving it to a different ISP), and some providers could try to hold your domain hostage if they claim you still owe them money, for instance. With yourself as Administrative Contact, you can change providers without the approval of your previous provider. On the other hand, if you're letting an ISP or Web developer handle technical details, you might let them list themselves as Technical Contact so they can make technical changes (such as updating the address of the servers) when necessary; but only if you trust them not to try to hijack your domain.

Also, be sure to get your organization name correct (in the "Registrant" field) when you (or your provider) fill out the registration form. That's a big pain to change later (even to fix a typo), since some registrars want to be sure to get a new registration fee from the new owners if you sell the domain. So changing the owning organization's name requires jumping through all sorts of hoops. Avoid it by getting it right the first time (including spelling, punctuation, and capitalization). The Registrant should be the actual owner of the domain, so if the domain belongs to a company or organization, use the organization name, not the individual name of an employee or partner; that might be stuck permanently in the domain record after your company's staff or ownership changes. (Note that some of the new registrars now let the registrant be changed without an additional fee; this is one of the advantages gained by the new competitive market.)



Watch Your Expiration Dates!

I've heard from several people who have accidentally allowed their domain names to expire, and become available for registration by others, when they really wanted to keep them. Apparently, some registrars don't always bother to inform registrants that it's renewal time (BulkRegister seems to be a particularly big offender in this area). You'd think they'd take every opportunity to try to get more money out of you, but sometimes they fail to. Though I've heard from others that, when their domains neared expiration, they got spams from just about every other registrar trying to get them to re-register the domain there, it's still possible that you might not find out that your domain is about to lapse until it's too late.

Don't rely on your registrar (or competing registrars) letting you know when it's time to renew your registration. Keep track of your own domains and when they expire. It can be as simple as making a file of it and putting it on your computer's desktop so you can check it regularly -- it's up to you whether to do it as a plain text file, a spreadsheet or database, or integrate it into your computerized appointment book if you use such software -- just put it where you keep up with it and notice when a domain is coming due.

If you're thinking of saving money by switching your domain to a less expensive registrar, be sure to do it well in advance of the expiration date. Registrars will not let you transfer a domain after it's expired, so you have to complete a registrar switch before the lapse date, and the transfer process has enough bureaucratic hoops that it's best to start early.
Changing Registrars

Since there is competition in registrars, you have some choice of where to register a .com, .net, or .org domain (and also in most of the new TLDs, and in some of the country code domains). There is a lot of variation in price and in quality of service (e.g., how easy it is to make changes to your domain, what level of security is used to prevent unauthorized changes, and what kind of customer service they give you if there's a problem). You should shop around. But you may have settled on one registrar for your new registrations, but be stuck with some old domains that were registered with a different registrar that imposed high prices for lousy service (e.g., the old monopoly registrar, Network Solutions). But that doesn't have to be the permanent situation. You can transfer your domains to a different registrar.

To do this, follow the instructions on the site of the new registrar you're moving to. They usually have a form to apply to transfer a domain. You will then receive e-mail messages with further instructions; you might have to reply to a message or go to a Web site to confirm the switch with your former registrar. This is usually a reasonably easy process, but sometimes it can be a pain; especially if the previous registrar is Network Solutions, which has been adding hurdles to the transfer process allegedly to prevent domains from being transferred against their owner's will, but probably in reality to make it harder for their customers to ever leave them. This has prompted some battles, and a message from ICANN counsel informing registrars that it is in fact the gaining registrar rather than the losing one which has the responsibility of verifying transfer consent, and the losing registrar can't unreasonably hold up the transfer through its own verification process.

Pay careful attention to all the details of the instructions, because if you do something wrong the transfer will probably be denied. Also, be sure you do the transfer before the domain expires; you're not allowed to transfer a domain that is not fully paid up, so if you wait too long you'll be stuck having to renew it with the old registrar before you'd be allowed to transfer it. However, most registrars will let you keep the remaining paid period from the old registrar in addition to the new period (usually 1 year) you're required to purchase from the new registrar when you transfer.

One thing I don't like about some registrars is that when you transfer a domain to them they show the date of registration in the WHOIS data as the date you transferred it rather than the actual original date you registered it. Other registrars preserve the original date here; there's no consistency in that. I prefer the original date to be preserved, since it's a part of history (I like the "prestige" of having some domains with original registration dates back in the 20th century!), as well as for the practical reason that if you get challenged by a trademark owner for infringement, it's useful to be able to show that you have had the name for a long time, and didn't just register it now as a cybersquatter.